SHELLED CORN
Why use corn as fuel?
Basics of corn stoves
Types of stoves
Cost of heating with corn
stove buying criteria
WHY USE CORN AS FUEL?
It Makes Sense with oil costs perpetually rising. The use of shelled corn as a fuel source will reduce the United States dependency on foreign sources of petroleum, while at the same time it will provide increased financial revenues for agricultural areas throughout this country. In addition, shelled corn is a fuel that can be produced within in a much shorter time period than all other fuel sources.
Think about the Environment and using renewable sources of energy. Shelled corn is a clean-burning fuel, as documented by several government studies concluding that there is less environmental pollution associated with burning shelled corn than fossil fuels. Plus, corn is very effective in pulling carbon dioxide from the environment and replacing it with oxygen through photosynthesis during the growing season.
We have plenty of corn for use as a fuel. Utilizing corn as a fuel does not compete with the food supply needed around the world. Studies have shown that contemporary agricultural systems can produce sufficient quality and quantity of food for the world's population, with additional resources available so that agricultural products can be used as fuel.
A number of manufacturers now make stoves which will burn shelled corn. Although similar to wood stoves, these new stoves have been specifically designed to burn a dry granular fuel, such as shelled corn. Corn burning stoves usually have a combustion air fan and a fuel stoker, both of which are not common in standard wood stove construction.
You can see from this table that shelled corn has heat energy close to that of wood.
BASICS OF CORN STOVES
Corn stoves are specifically designed to burn a granular fuel. Because this fuel is metered into the burning chamber, most stoves have a storage hopper to contain a supply of fuel. In some ways corn burning stoves are very similar to pellet burning stoves. In both cases, corn and pellets are very dense. Consequently, neither of these fuels will burn readily in an open pile in a fire chamber.
To get these fuels to burn, some manufacturers use a small combustion chamber into which the corn is fed and combustion air is pumped through. The corn can be either dribbled into this combustion chamber from above, or it can be stoked into the chamber from below by means of an auger. The feed rate of this auger can be adjusted to regulate the amount of corn burned, which in turn controls the amount of heat produced. The second requirement for burning to occur is oxygen. In order to support combustion, oxygen is blown into the combustion chamber by means of a small fan. The combustion air is usually brought in from outside, not room air. This combustion chamber is actually quite small and could easily fit into a child's lunch box.
As corn burns it produces a clinker. Because of the small size of the combustion chamber the clinker should be removed daily. With practice, the removal of the clinker can be done without having to shut down and then relight the stove. A specially designed poker is used to upend the clinker, then tongs are used to remove it.
Inside the stove, a heat exchanger is used to remove heat from the flue gases and heat the room air. A fan is used to move the room air through the stove where it is warmed. This fan may also help in moving the heat further away from the stove.
A different style of corn stove also exists which does not use augers to feed in the corn or fans to provide combustion air or move heated air to the room. By careful design, these stoves will burn corn at the bottom of a hopper and radiate heat to the surrounding room. Unlike the previous type where electricity is used to stoke the fire and move the heat to the room, these stoves are not affected by electrical power outages.
The type of flue pipe required to vent the exhaust gases from the stove will depend on the design of the stove or corn burning appliance. These flue pipes can range from those commonly used in wood stoves to through-the-wall vent pipes which actually preheat the combustion air by removing heat from the flue gases. Follow the manufacturer's recommendations regarding the type of flue pipe required. It is best to keep the flue pipe as short and straight as possible (keep the number of elbows to a minimum) to maximize the stove's performance.
TYPES OF STOVES
A number of different manufactures are presently making corn burning stoves. They are available in a variety of sizes and styles. Here are some of the configurations available:
Stove (some can be modified as a fireplace insert)
Space heater
Hot air furnace
Hot water boiler
The size of fuel hoppers also varies greatly. This hopper size can range from holding one day to ten days supply of fuel.
One thing to consider with the freestanding stove or space heaters is the surface temperature of exposed metal parts. This is especially important if there are small children in the house.
COST OF HEATING WITH CORN
Before you can accurately compare heating with corn to other heating fuels you have to look at a number of factors. Not only is price of the fuel important, but also the heating efficiency of the heating system and the energy content of a unit of each fuel.
Here is a formula which you can use to calculate your cost per Million BTU's of usable energy. This formula takes into account all these factors:
Cost per unit of fuel
Energy content per unit of fuel
Seasonal heating efficiency
Cost per Million BTU's of usable energy = (Cost Per Unit Of Fuel x 1,000,000) ÷ (Energy Content Per Unit Of Fuel (BTU) x Seasonal Heating Efficiency)
Where: Cost per unit of fuel is in Dollars Energy Content Per Unit of Fuel in BTU's Seasonal Heating Efficiency is in decimal form ie (70% = 0.7)
Example: Lets look at an example where you are using corn at $2.50 per bushel in a stove which has a seasonal heating efficiency of 60%. What is the cost per million BTU's of useable energy?
Corn Cost = $2.50 per bushel
Energy content per bushel = 7000 BTU/lb x 56 lb/bu. = 392,000 BTU
Seasonal Heating Efficiency = 60% = .6
Dollars per Million BTU's Usable Energy =
(Cost per unit of fuel ($) x 1,000,000) ÷ (Energy Content Per Unit Of Fuel (BTU) x Seasonal Heating Efficiency)
=($2.50 x 1,000,000) ÷ (392,000 x .6)
= $10.63
Therefore to supply one million BTU's of heat to the house costs $10.63 when this stove operates at 60% efficiency, burning corn at $2.50 per bushel. The average older home requires approximately 100 million BTU's of usable energy per year. When you do the calculations for your situation, keep in mind that the price charged per bushel of corn may vary from the market price when small quantities are purchased. Check the prices carefully before doing these calculations.
STOVE BUYING CRITERIA
When purchasing a corn stove there are some questions which you should answer:
1. What is the heat output of the stove? Do you know how much heat you require to maintain the heated space at the desired temperature?
2. If you are trying to heat your whole house with a stove or space heater, does the house layout allow for the convective movement of heat through the whole house? Most newer houses are not built to allow convective air movement.
3. What is the size of the fuel hopper? Will it require filling on a daily, weekly or biweekly schedule?
4. What is the seasonal heating efficiency of the corn stove?
5. Does the unit meet UL and CSA standards?
6. Does the unit have hot exposed surfaces which could cause burns to skin?
7. What type of exhaust venting is required? Does it require a chimney with a flue liner or can a combination flue/fresh air vent pipe be used?
8. Are you prepared to clean out the clinker daily and clean the heat exchanger of ash on a weekly basis?
9. Will the stove handle granular solid fuels other than shelled corn? This is important in the event that the economics of burning corn become unattractive or an alternative low cost pelleted fuel becomes available.
10. Will this corn burning appliance be a primary heat source or act as a supplementary heat source? Stoves with small fuel hoppers will not keep a house warm for long periods of time, unattended.
11. How will corn be stored for winter operation?